Akhenaten... Nefertiti's Love

Akhenaten and Nefertiti was a famous couple, just like Cleopatra and Mark Antony. Another romance story from Egypt...

Queen Nefertiti is often referred to in history as "The Most Beautiful Woman in the World." The Berlin bust, seen from two different angles, is indeed, the most famous depiction of Queen Nefertiti. Found in the workshop of the famed sculptor Thutmose, the bust is believed to be a sculptor's model. The technique which begins with a carved piece of limestone, requires the stone core to be first plastered and then richly painted. Flesh tones on the face give the bust life.

Her full lips are enhanced by a bold red. Although the crystal inlay is missing from her left eye, both eyelids and brows are outlined in black. Her graceful elongated neck balances the tall, flat-top crown which adorns her sleek head. The vibrant colors of the her necklace and crown contrast the yellow-brown of her smooth skin. While everything is sculpted to perfection, the one flaw of the piece is a broken left ear. Because this remarkable sculpture is still in existence, it is no wonder why Nefertiti remains "The Most Beautiful Woman in the World."


Back to Akhenaten. Akhenaten was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who reigned about 3,500 years ago.
He made some major, but rather short-lived changes to various aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, the most notable one being his religious revolution. Akhenaten also made major changes in the ancient Egyptian art style, and presented himself in a very different manner from any of his predecessors.

Akhenaten ruled in the eighteenth dynasty, which seemed to be an age of revolution in ancient Egypt. Only a few reigns before his had been the reign of Hatshepsut, the most famous (but not the only) female pharaoh.

Akhenaten's strange appearance and mysterious behavior, as well as his connection with Nefertiti and with the ill-fated "boy king" Tutankhamen, have made him the subject of much passion and controversy in the last century or so. Akhenaten is all things to all people--to some he was a fanatical lunatic, to some he comes across as a strange, eccentric young man whose behavior was strongly influenced by his mother, to others he was a Christ-like visionary and a mentor of Moses, and to still others he was simply someone who happened to be at the wrong place at the wrong time and who really had nothing to do with the dramatic reformations that went on during his reign.

Akhenaten had an extensive family, which was well represented in the art from his reign. His parents were Amenhotep III and Tiye. Akhenaten's name was originally Amenhotep IV, which he changed later. Akhenaten was married to Nefertiti, who is now famous because of the beautiful bust of her found at Amarna. Nefertiti's origins are uncertain. Some historians believe that she was a foreign princess, but there is some evidence to suggest that she was a relative of Akhenaten.

Akhenaten and Nefertiti had six daughters, named Merytaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten-tasharit, Neferneferure, and Sotepenre. Meketaten died when she was about eleven of unknown causes, and Neferneferuaten-tasharit, Neferneferure, and Sotepenre followed shortly afterwards. They were probably victims of a plague that was running rampant in Egypt at the time.

There were two mystery figures in Akhenaten's family--Smenkhkare (Akhenaten's co-regent and successor), and Tutankhaten (later Tutankhamen). These two were almost certainly brothers--this was basically confirmed by the discovery of Smenkhkare's body in tomb 55--but their relation to Akhenaten is unknown. Maybe they were brothers of Akhenaten as well, or cousins.

The nature of Akhenaten's revolution is well established--he overthrew Egyptian polytheism in favor of the worship of a single god, Aten--but the reason behind it is still unknown. Many people have offered theories.
When historians first began to study Akhenaten carefully, in the late 1800s, the first thing that naturally came to everyone's mind was that Akhenaten was divinely inspired. However, it does not seem likely that Akhenaten simply decided out of the blue to make such a major change.

Many early historians, determined to link Akhenaten's religion somehow to the Jewish religion, said that he was inspired by Joseph or Moses (Redford, p. 4, 1984). This is a possibility, considering that Joseph, at least, was around in roughly the same time period as Akhenaten. However, after close examination of Akhenaten's religion, this hypothesis seems unlikely. Akhenaten's religion did center on one god, but his major emphasis was on the Aten's visibility, tangibility, and undeniable realness. Akhenaten placed no emphasis, therefore, on faith.
According to John Tuthill, a professor at the University of Guam, Akhenaten's reasons for his religious reform were political.


By the time of Akhenaten's reign, the god Amen had risen to such a high status that the priests of Amen had become even more wealthy and powerful than the pharaohs. However, Barbara Mertz argued that Akhenaten and his courtiers would not have easily perceived this (Mertz, 1966, p. 269). Still, this theory remains as a possibility to be considered.

It may be that Akhenaten was influenced by his family members, particularly his wife or mother (Dunham, 1963, p. 4; Mertz, 1966, p. 269). There was a certain trend in Akhenaten's family towards sun-worship. Towards the end of the reign of Akhenaten's father, Amenhotep III, the Aten was depicted increasingly often.

Some historians have suggested that the same religious revolution would have happened even if Akhenaten had never become pharaoh at all. However, considering the violent reaction that followed shortly after Akhenaten's untimely death, this seems improbable.
The reasons for Akhenaten's revolution still remain a mystery. Until further evidence can be uncovered, it will be impossible to know just what motivated his unusual behavior.


Works Cited:
Dunham, Barrows (1963). Heroes and Heretics. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
Mertz, Barbara (1966). Red Land, Black Land. New York: Coward McCann, Inc.
Redford, Donald B. (1984). Akhenaten: The Heretic King. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press

Three Famous Queen of Egypt

Girls of ancient Egypt had it a lot better than most. By age 12, they could wear makeup. They walked their pet geese and played ball for fun. As women, they had rights not accepted elsewhere. They could buy and sell property, inherit stuff—even sue someone!


Still, men were usually in charge. But that didn’t stop some women from defying tradition and taking over. Cleopatra, Hatshepsut, and Nefertiti were three outrageous queens who showed the ancient world what girl power was all about.


Cleopatra:Political Party Girl
(Reign: 51 B.C. to 30 B.C.)




Marc Antony was fuming. The ruler of half the Roman empire waited impatiently for the queen of Egypt to arrive. She was late—on purpose. And when she finally glittered up the Cydnus River on a ship with silver oars, Cleopatra had the nerve to make him board her ship. How dare she?

Antony shouldn’t have been surprised at the queen’s bold behavior. Cleo had star power with the brains to match. Queen by 18, she had her hands full: bad harvests, a forced marriage to her brother, plots to overthrow her. (To fight back, she even ordered hits on some of her relatives!) Forced to flee her capital of Alexandria, she convinced powerful Roman leader Julius Caesar to help her regain control. But four years later Caesar was assassinated. Cleo was back to square one.

Enter Marc Antony. She needed his political support. He needed money. Rich party girl Cleo tempted him with excess by betting that she could blow a fortune on dinner. Intrigued, Antony watched as Cleo crushed a pearl earring into her now-priceless drink. That’s all it took for the charmed yet greedy Antony to become hopelessly devoted to the queen. With his help, Cleopatra battled to keep Egypt out of the hands of her enemies. She lost. But instead of surrendering, she took her life—probably with the help of a poisonous snake.

Cleopatra left few words. But Egyptologists think they may have found an order signed by the queen. On it, the busy ruler had scribbled: “Make it so.”


Hatshepsut: Built to Last
(Reign: 1479 B.C. to 1458 B.C.)



Wearing the royal headdress, with a pharaoh’s traditional fake beard on her chin, Hatshepsut was officially the “female king” of Egypt. Not bad for a girl who was forced to wed her 8-year-old half brother at 13.

Now for action! Hatshepsut waged successful warfare against fierce invaders. She created a magnificent temple to the sun god, Amun. Organizing a five-ship expedition to faraway lands, she brought ivory, ebony, gold, and trees to Egypt. Trees? Egypt needed them to grow fragrant incense, burned by the ton in the temple’s ceremonies.

To celebrate her 15th year of rule, Hat had two 100-foot obelisks erected. (They looked a lot like the tall, narrow Washington Monument.) Getting the granite for the structures down the Nile River took a long barge, 27 boats, and 850 rowers!

Hat was an excellent ruler—so good that she kept the pharaoh-to-be on the sidelines until she died. But she lives on in spirit. In modern Egypt, Hatshepsut’s wonders, from an obelisk to an incense tree, are still standing after nearly 3,500 years.



Nefertiti: Rebel With a Cause
(Reign: 1336 B.C. to 1334 B.C.)






Although Nefertiti translates as “the beautiful one has come,” Egyptologists hotly debate what she really looked like. But this queen was more than just a face.

Nefertiti co-ruled with her pharaoh-husband, and they had big changes in mind. One day they made a shocking proclamation that Egyptians would now worship only one god. To honor the religion, the royal couple built a new capital city called Akhetaten that was filled with exciting new art and architecture.

Their world didn’t last. When Tutankhamun (King Tut to us) became pharaoh, the new capital was abandoned. Though some of the art was rescued, gone was the one-god religion from the ancient world. In the modern world, though, Nefertiti remains a name—and a face—that won’t soon be forgotten.

(National Geographic)